Blankets, By Craig Thompson - 1296 Words

Craig Thompson’s autobiographical novel, Blankets, portrays his childhood, first love, and adulthood in a Christian family. The book is composed of visual images that convey conflicts between religion and his surroundings throughout his growth and development. In Thompson’s life, he gets bullied and creates his own world within his imagination and art as his way of escaping from the real world, but then during church retreat camp, Craig comes across Raina, who eventually becomes his first love. Thompson wants to live by the teachings of the Bible, but at the same time, he develops a sexual attraction and love for Raina. Even though he follows his religion as a guide for avoiding life’s problems, this route creates his problems. Blankets by Craig Thompson discusses his desired life for social interaction, while having conflict with religion and art. The book brings to the reader’s attention a change in Craig’s religious journey to set up his desire f or social interaction. He tries to live life by processing the teachings of Christianity, and it does not help his daily problems with authority figures and classmates in school. As a consequence, he experiences bullying from classmates, teachers, and his babysitter because he comes from a religious family background and he is supposed to be pure. Bullies make fun of him and his family when they said, â€Å"your dad looks like a Mexican -- too poor to feed you, and your mom is so religious it makes everyone in town sick, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ Show MoreRelatedBlankets, By Craig Thompson1772 Words   |  8 PagesThe graphic novel Blankets, by Craig Thompson, is an emotionally charged and painfully truthful account of the author’s life as he grew from a young child through the stages of adolescence to young adulthood. Thompson’s account of his life events represents many developmental theories and philosophies. Bronfenbrenner’s theory of systems, Vygotsky’s social development theory, Marcia’s theory of the identity, Arnett’s theory of emerging adulthood, and Kraft’s theory of the family system are all seenRead MoreBlankets Craig Thompson Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesBlankets, by Craig Thompson is a story about a Christian boy, who lived in a Christian family with a very religious mother. Craig is the main character and Phil is his little brother. Growing up, Craig and Phil had to share a room and sleep in the same bed. They would always fight for the blankets and keep eachother awake. When their dad heard them stirring up commotion, they would be split up and one would have to sleep in The Chubby Hole. The Chubby hole was a dark room, they call the forgottenRead MoreRichard Hamilton : The Hardworking Daddy Pop3055 Words   |  13 Pageswho introduced him to D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson’s Growth and Form and Marcel Duchamp’s Green Box notes. These two figures became major influences to his thinking. Thompson inspired Hamilton to study the design of objects and Duchamp made him focus on the ideas and meanings of art pieces rather than the usual aesthetic approach.2 Thompson was a mathematical biologist whose text On Growth And Form argues that physics and mathematics can be used to explain the forms of many plants and animals. HamiltonRead MoreStarbucks Case Study11295 Words   |  46 Pagespeople who love coffee . . . Were looking for a diverse workforce, which reflects our community. We want people who enjoy what theyre doing and for whom work is an extension of themselves. (as cited in Thompson and Gamble. â€Å"Starbucks Corporation† http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/thompson/11e/case/starbucks-2.html ) Every employee received classes in the Starbucks Coffee School in San Francisco on coffee history, drink preparation, coffee knowledge, customer service and retail skills. TheRead MoreStarbucks Case Study11286 Words   |  46 Pagespeople who love coffee . . . Were looking for a diverse workforce, which reflects our community. We want people who enjoy what theyre doing and for whom work is an extension of themselves. (as cited in Thompson and Gamble. â€Å"Starbucks Corporation† http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/thompson/11e/case/starbucks-2.html ) Every employee received classes in the Starbucks Coffee School in San Francisco on coffee history, drink preparation, coffee knowledge, customer service and retail skills. TheRead MoreThe Rise of Social Media and Its Impact on Mainstream Journalism21031 Words   |  85 Pagesnetworks.40 The New York Times, in contrast, aims to build on extensive and longstanding guidelines and ethics policies, which apply to all areas of output including print and online. These were updated a few years ago for blogs, and standards editor Craig Whitney also issued additional guidance for Facebook at the time of last autumn’s election reminding reporters and editors not to join a Michelle Obama fan club on Facebook, in the same way that you wouldn’t put an Obama sign on your lawn or bumperRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSpecial thanks are also due to Susan Schor, Joseph Seltzer, and James Smither for writing the SSS Software In-Basket Exercise. Our long-time collaboration with Sue Campbell-Clark has been particularly fruitful and we anticipate that our work with Jeff Thompson, Brigham Young University, will be equally energizing. We would especially like to thank Kim Norbuta, Claudia Fernandes, Kelly Warsak, and Judy Leale of Prentice Hall; and Sharon Anderson of BookMasters for her expert assistance with this editionRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesof Massachusetts Amherst Sherry Robinson, Pennsylvania State University Hazleton Christopher Ann Robinson-Easley, Governors State University Joe Rode, Miami University Bob Roller, LeTourneau University Andrea Roofe, Florida International University Craig Russell, University of Oklahoma at Norman Manjula Salimath, University of North Te xas Mary Saunders, Georgia Gwinnett College Andy Schaffer, North Georgia College and State University Elizabeth Scott, Elizabeth City University Mark Seabright, WesternRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesthere.† Strategy describes how an organization intends to compete with the resources available in the existing and perceived future environment. Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 25 SNAPSHOT FROM PRACTICE INTEL CEO Craig R. Barrett is planning his last hurrah only 15 months before his retirement as chairman of the board. His vision for INTEL is to move beyond computers: think INTEL everywhere. Barrett says, â€Å"Everything in the world is going digital.† He wants INTELRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesPerformance of Organization Members: A Conceptual Framework,† Academy of Management Review 16 (1991), 667—690. 38. Gary R. Weaver, Linda Klebe Trevino, and Philip L. Cochran, â€Å"Corporate Ethics Systems,† Academy of Management Journal 42 (1999), 41–57; and Craig Dreilinger, â€Å"Get Real (And Ethics Will Follow),† Workforce, August 1998, 101—102. 39. â€Å"HR Staff Feeling, Seeing Ethics Pressure,† Bulletin to Management, February 12, 1998, 41. 40. The Business Ethics Survey (Alexandria, VA: Society for Human Resources

Audit Is The Systematic Process of Examining The Accounts

Question: 1. Identify the weaknesses in stocktake procedures. 2. A. What control should be implemented to reduce the likelihood of each of the above? B.What is an audit procedure to detect or prevent each of the above? 3. A. Identify the key assertion addressed by the test procedure. B.Provide an explanation as to why the conclusion reached is appropriate or inappropriate. C.Outline the key control procedure that you believe needs to be performed. Answer : Introduction: According to Mohamed et al. (2012), audit is the systematic process of examining the accounts, followed by vouchers, documents and accounts books. However, Bruchez (2012) audit is absolutely assured that it presented financial statements fairly. 1: Identify the weaknesses in stocktake procedures As the case study, the main weakness of the weakness in stocktake procedures is auditor can not determine the actual figure of stock by using this process. As staff members of the company are counting the stock so it is very difficult for the auditor to find the actual figures of stocks. Another weakness of this process is the auditor provides pencils to each of the members of the staff, in this case staff could erase the actual value and put book value instead of existing stock available in the store. Therefore, the auditor will not get actual figures from this process (McDonald, 2012). On the other hand, the auditor allows Warehouse staff counted specific areas of the stock as determined by the warehouse supervisor, staff members, including the warehouse supervisor were allocated their own area to count on their own. As each of the staff knows their areas very well, so they can easily hide the loopholes in this area. In this case, the auditor can improve the process of identifying the stock by providing pen instead of pencils to the staffs, and should inform staff that any kind of the error in the sheet will not allow by the auditor. It will increase accountability among the staffs, members and warehouse supervisors. Apart from that, the company should allow allows supervisors to count the stock separately from members of staffs. Therefore, the auditor easily identifies the differences between staffs counting and supervisors counting. The auditor can use another process to count the stock, one department should allow another department to count the stocks which will be effective (My.studyindenmark.dk, 2015). 2. A. What control should be implemented to reduce the likelihood of each of the above The auditor recommended to use Account Reconciliation Manager (ARM) software which will help the company to reduce the risk by providing real-time visibility into the performance of reconciliations (Bedard, 2012). It also ensures all reconciliations prepared are properly qualified. (Source: Bedard, 2012, pp-342) Apart from that the company should examine the cancelled cheques and make sure that vendor are recognized. The company also examines the bank statement. 2. B What is an audit procedure to detect or prevent each of the above At first auditor should examine the bank statement with the account books in case the unreconciled item. The auditor must ensue that date wise all of the account entry examined. In case of 3rd case the Auditor should check voucher and year bank account statement where the auditor will understand when the account was debited. At cheque was omitted from the account the auditor should check the bank account with payment voucher. That helps to find the amount which was omitted. On the 5th case the cheque is in transit at 30June therefore the auditor should add back the amount and calculated bank reconciliation as in the same year. Bank reconciliation statement accounts For the year end 30th June Particulars Amount ($) Amount ($) Balance as per cash book (Deposit) 340 Add: Checque issues, but bank not debited Checque issues, but bank not debited 40000 6000 46000 Less: Check collected but not recorded Ad back deposit 4070 20000 24070 Balance on bank after year ending 22270 3. A. Identify the key assertion addressed by the test procedure. There are many key assertions of balance such as existence, obligations and rights, allocation and valuation, presentation and disclosure. By presentation and disclosure the auditor classified account segments and understand it properly. Through key assertions the auditor understands whether the asset is real or it does not. As per the case study, it has found that six invoices had not been authorized therefore the transaction was incorrect. 3. B. Provide an explanation as to why the conclusion reached is appropriate or inappropriate. The providing conclusion is not accepted because the error could happen in the price of the product or services or discount receivable. However the auditor only had found incorrect discount were recorded in the invoices, but it is not highlighted specific reason for the errors. The reason may be found in the price of the products or services. 3.C. Outline the key control procedure that you believe needs to be performed. Trace receivable report to general ledger- The auditor first allows examine the ledger account and trace the grand total account receivable. If the account receivable does not match with the ledger, then the auditor will examine the journal leader. Investigate the reconciling items- By reconciling the account items in the general ledger, the Auditor will interpret the data which are listed in the ledger and journals. Confirm accounts receivables- A auditor can directly contact with the customers and ask them to confirm the amounts which are unpaid by the company. Match invoice with the shipping log- The researcher should match invoice with the record of the shipping log. It will help the auditor to find the actual differences among the invoices and shipping log of the company. Access bills and hold sales- The auditor should access the bills and examine that whether the sales actually has taken place. Review receiving log- In case of large amount of records the researcher should review the logs and examine that the company shipped many goods to the customers. In respect of the goods sold the account of receivable should not be differentiated (Bruchez, 2012). Trend analysis- The Auditor should analyze the trend line of the sales and account receivable. If any kind of the unusual trends has found by the auditor then the auditor should find the reason. Review cash receipts- The auditor should confirm the account receivable by using backup auditing techniques. Through using backup auditing techniques the auditor will get cash in hand, if that does not match, then the auditor should find a reason. Conclusion: Auditor finds error in the accounts. By using different types of techniques the auditor will find the reason why the error has occurred in the account statement of the company. Reference list: Books: Bruchez, R. (2012). Microsoft SQL server 2012 security cookbook. Birmingham, UK: Packt Publishing. McDonald, B., McGehee, S. and Landrum, R. (2012). Pro SQL Server 2012 reporting services. Berkeley, CA: Apress. Journals: Bedard, J. (2012). Discussion of Audit Partner Specialization and Audit Fees: Some Evidence from Sweden *. Contemporary Accounting Research, 29(1), pp.341-348. Mohamed, Z., Mat Zain, M., Subramaniam, N. and Wan Yusoff, W. (2012). Internal Audit Attributes and External Audit's Reliance on Internal Audit: Implications for Audit Fees. International Journal of Auditing, 16(3), pp.268-285. Websites: My.studyindenmark.dk, (2015). The Risk of material misstatement (RMM) Audit Procedures - Response to Risks evaluating the audit verification obtained.. [online] Available at: https://my.studyindenmark.dk/profiles/blogs/the-risk-of-material-misstatement-rmm-audit-procedures-response [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015].

Concepts of the Wal

Todo sobre la doble nacionalidad en Estados Unidos

Todo sobre la doble nacionalidad en Estados Unidos La doble nacionalidad significa que una persona puede ser ciudadana de dos paà ­ses al mismo tiempo. Y, en el caso de  Estados Unidos se admite esta posibilidad, pero hay inconvenientes importantes que conviene tener en cuenta. Para entender la situacià ³n y los posibles problemas hay que comenzar una informacià ³n corta sobre quà © dice la ley, seguido de una explicacià ³n de situaciones que dan lugar a que una persona pueda tener doble nacionalidad, para finalizar con los problemas que puede causar esta situacià ³n. Quà © dicen las leyes de USA sobre la doble nacionalidad Curiosamente, las leyes no mencionan la doble nacionalidad y en ninguna ley se obliga a elegir entre una nacionalidad u otra, aunque sà ­ contempla la posibilidad de su pà ©rdida. Adems, en la prctica se puede decir que Estados Unidos no alienta estas situaciones. La razà ³n es que pueden surgir problemas porque significa que una persona tiene, al mismo tiempo,  lealtad a dos paà ­ses distintos  y debe cumplir la ley de ambas naciones. De ahà ­ pueden nacer conflictos. Adems, la  proteccià ³n  que los Estados Unidos otorgan a sus ciudadanos puede verse limitada en los casos de doble nacionalidad, particularmente cuando una persona se encuentra en el paà ­s del que tambià ©n es nacional. Por ejemplo, si una persona con doble nacionalidad est en un paà ­s extranjero del que tambià ©n es ciudadano y, segà ºn las leyes del mismo,  debe cumplir  con el servicio militar, poco podr hacer los Estados Unidos para evitar que cumpla con esta obligacià ³n.Y al mismo tiempo esa persona puede estar  obligada  a registrarse con el Servicio Selectivo en Estados Unidos, a pesar de vivir en el extranjero Y lo mismo ocurre en los casos de  arrestos o detenciones. La embajada americana se ver impedida en estos casos de doble nacionalidad  para ejercer toda su influencia de proteccià ³n. A pesar de estos posibles inconvenientes lo cierto es que la doble nacionalidad es un hecho frecuente en Estados Unidos, aunque no se puede hablar de cifras porque no hay rà ©cords oficiales. Aunque se estima que puede afectar a varios millones de estadounidenses. Eso es porque es relativamente fcil obtener la doble nacionalidad. 5 formas de adquirir la doble nacionalidad en Estados Unidos Una persona puede tener ms de un pasaporte por diversas razones, entre las que destacan las siguientes: 1. Por nacimiento en Estados Unidos (o en Puerto Rico u otro territorio de USA), cuando el bebà © tambià ©n adquiere de forma automtica la nacionalidad de los padres, si uno de estos es extranjero. Esto es asà ­ salvo en el caso de bebà ©s que no tienen derecho a la  ciudadanà ­a americana a pesar de haber  nacido en Estados Unidos. 2. Por nacimiento en otro paà ­s, cuando el padre o la madre es estadounidense  y siempre y cuando se cumplan una serie de requisitos. En este caso se podrà ­a adquirir en el momento de nacer la ciudadanà ­a de USA por uno de los padres y la del paà ­s en el  que se nace, si se trata de un paà ­s que otorga la nacionalidad por nacer dentro de sus fronteras. 3. Por naturalizacià ³n de un inmigrante en los Estados Unidos, cuando se conserva la nacionalidad original. No todos los paà ­ses permiten que sus ciudadanos se hagan americanos. Puede suceder que les retiren el pasaporte al naturalizarse o que simplemente ignoren que se han convertido en estadounidenses. Conviene verificar las leyes del paà ­s de origen para evitar sorpresas desagradables. 4. Por decisià ³n voluntaria, como por ejemplo un americano adquiere la nacionalidad de su cà ³nyuge o la del paà ­s en la que reside. Y en este caso es cuando podrà ­a haber problemas que se explican ms abajo. 5. Y otras formas menos comunes. Aquà ­ se puede informacià ³n detallada sobre todas las formas posibles para obtener la ciudadanà ­a americana. Estados Unidos no pone problemas cuando la doble nacionalidad se da de forma automtica, por ejemplo, en casos de naturalizacià ³n para adquirir la ciudadanà ­a americana sin renunciar a la que se tenà ­a o en los casos de nacimiento. Es ms, permite que se utilicen dos pasaportes distintos, el de Estados Unidos y el otro, si bien para entrar y salir de USA à ºnicamente y sin excepciones el documento a utilizar es el pasaporte americano. Esta  es una lista de los documentos   que los ciudadanos pueden utilizar para ingresar a USA Riesgo de pà ©rdida de la ciudadanà ­a americana Sin embargo, sà ­ que puede haber problemas si una nueva ciudadanà ­a se adquiere voluntariamente al solicitarla de forma expresa. Por ejemplo, cuando un ciudadano americano se va a vivir a otro paà ­s y decide adquirir esa nacionalidad. Aquà ­ las autoridades americanas de la Embajada o consulado pueden considerar que hay una intencià ³n de renunciar a la ciudadanà ­a y se puede acabar perdiendo. No est claro quà © es intencià ³n de renunciar  a la ciudadanà ­a, ya que resulta de un conjunto de comportamientos, por lo que hay que tener cuidado y seguir operando como americano: pago de impuestos en USA, recibir el pago del cheque de la jubilacià ³n, estar registrado para el voto exterior,  etc. Adems, estos son otros casos en los que se corre el riesgo de perder la nacionalidad estadounidense.   Por à ºltimo destacar que obviamente se puede renunciar voluntariamente a la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense, pero es necesario seguir un procedimiento y hay consecuencias, particularmente para los que lo hacen con el fin de evitar pagar impuestos en Estados Unidos. Esta es una lista de 10 famosos estadounidenses  que renunciaron a la nacionalidad por diversas causas. Inconvenientes de la doble nacionalidad Las principales son dos: doble imposicià ³n y prohibicià ³n o dificultad para acceder a ciertos trabajos Una de las desventajas de la doble nacionalidad es la doble imposicià ³n, es decir  la obligacià ³n de pagar impuestos en los dos paà ­ses  de los que se es ciudadano. Estados Unidos impone la obligacià ³n de completar anualmente las planillas de impuestos aà ºn cuando se resida continuamente fuera del paà ­s. A la hora de determinar si hay que pagar impuestos y cunto es necesario tener en cuenta si existe algà ºn acuerdo internacional entre los EEUU y el otro paà ­s con el que se tiene la doble nacionalidad. De hecho, en la actualidad y segà ºn datos del  Registro Federal, se estn dando nà ºmero rà ©cord (aunque aà ºn pequeà ±os) de ciudadanos americanos que renuncian a su nacionalidad por razones precisamente econà ³micas, para evitar pagar impuestos en dos paà ­ses. Otra desventaja es la imposibilidad de acceder a cierto tipo de trabajos  En Estados Unidos muchos trabajos en empresas privadas, para el gobierno o ciertas posiciones dentro del Ejà ©rcito requieren un pase de seguridad (security clearance). La doble nacionalidad por sà ­ misma no es causa en la mayorà ­a de las ocasiones para que se deniegue un security clearance. Pero bajo las siguientes circunstancias es relativamente comà ºn: Uso de otro pasaporte, a menos que sea anterior a la adquisicià ³n de la nacionalidad americanaRealizar el servicio militar en otro paà ­s, a menos que ocurriera antes de hacerse americano.Aceptar beneficios mà ©dicos, de jubilacià ³n, educativos o similares del otro paà ­s del que tambià ©n se es nacional.Utilizar la otra ciudadanà ­a para proteger sus intereses econà ³micos  o de negocios en otro paà ­s.Participar como candidato en las elecciones de otro paà ­s, aunque no se resulte elegido.Desempeà ±ar un cargo pà ºblico en otro paà ­s (esta es una causa relativamente comà ºn por la que se renuncia a la nacionalidad americana).Votar en las elecciones de otro paà ­s. Esto solo en situaciones muy raras y extremas.Actuar en nombre de otro gobierno y defender sus intereses Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Creating a Compelling Vision Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Creating a Compelling Vision - Assignment Example otivation needed for growth, provides a feeling of significance among the parties involved and most importantly, it provides a basis for decision-making (Holbeche, 1998). A number of global leaders are taking the leading role in formulation of visions geared towards placing their organizations in favorable ranks with reference to corporate performance. For example, BBC staff became much more engaged when the British broadcaster switched its vision to â€Å"to be the world’s most creative organization† from the previous â€Å"to be the best managed organization in the public sector†. The employees at the broadcaster have been quoted as saying they are â€Å"lucky† to be there (Mackin, 2007). Such roadmaps have been very effective; both in terms of their communication and implementation, and their fruits can now be seen. Some visions may create more impetus than others may, but the most important thing is that it should capture the core values of the organization, should be attainable and be able to distinguish the organization from its peers in terms of defining the organizations expected

INCREMENTAL SHEET FORMING ( Mechanical Engineering ) Essay - 1

INCREMENTAL SHEET FORMING ( Mechanical Engineering ) - Essay Example The manufacturing process is desirable for mass production because of the shared value of dies and punches with production of a large number. The performance of film forming distinct rolls to achieve a particular image was done in the past. This process is known as sheet metal rolling, but the process is possible for production of natural shapes. Therefore, the search for new sheet metal forming solutions has been started. The developments took the route of searching for new shapes of rolls, which in turn paved a way for new forming scopes. (Mecanica 2009) However, in a severe world industrialization competition, there is the need to obtain the demand for increasingly complex shapes. For the demands of complex requirements, metal plate stretching attempts have been made by outstanding prototypes, to reach the final shape. In order to contour the high volume demands, the use of presses for short lead times and production costs began. The main benefits of this method is the need for the formation of a significant essential tool for the plate formation. This increases cost of the tool, as a result of high production costs. The presses system establishment is suitable for mass production. Nevertheless, in the current global fierce competition, there is a need for more and more products that are complicated by the demand. For the achievement of the final requirements, attempts for sheet metal extension on exceptional prototype have been made to achieve the optimum shape. The formation of stretch metals on presses was adopted to handle mass production demands with more batch measurements at lower costs of manufacturing. However, the system was disadvantaged in that every product needed a specific tool, for the sheet metal development. This increases the device costs which results in higher production costs. Therefore, presses forming can be appropriate

Review of the ball and brown study

Review of the ball and brown study With the rise of multinational companies and the rapid growth of transnational investments, there has been an increasing demand for an empirical evaluation of accounting income numbers. This is a broad area of research that originated with the seminal publication of the Ball and Brown study(1968).The literature has grown rapidly, with over 1,000 published papers in leading academic accounting and finance journals in the past three decades (Kothari,2001).However, several accounting experts assert that there are some weaknesses in the research of Ball and Brown. Meanwhile, critics argue that their empirical evaluation contributed to the positive accounting theory that revolutionized accounting literature in the late 1970s. The purpose of this essay is to introduce the strengths of Ball and Browns paper and identify its influence on the development of accounting. This essay will argue that the limitation of the paper is not serious, but its advantages are very significant. First, argume nts for and against the empirical research are discussed. Then, an evaluation is explored .Lastly, a conclusion is presented. 2. The weaknesses of the paper Providing empirical evidence to ascertain whether accounting numbers contain or convey information about a firms financial performance was the major motivation that led to the research of Ball and Brown (1968). They pioneered capital markets research in accounting. However, their study still has some weaknesses. 2.1 Unreliability As a potential limitation of their studies, the reliability of their results depends on the sources of information. Although we are not disputing the reliability of the said sources, they should be investigated. Research should be conducted to document various types of institutions. According to Zhang (2007), the selection of the sample did not include companies meet the following four conditions. The first one is the failed company. The second one is a company whose financial year does not end on the 31st of December. The third one is the company that is not recorded in the CRSP database of stock price research centers. It also includes the young firm that is not described by the Wall Street Journal. Given those situations, the generality and reliability of their results may be reduced. 2.2 Limitations This research firmly establishes that earnings reflect some of the information in security prices. However, this early research did not perform statistical tests comparing alternative performance measures, considering that the primary concern was to ascertain whether there is any overlap between the earnings information and the information reflected in security prices. In the 1980s, several studies statistically compared stock returns with earnings, accruals, and cash flows (Rayburn, 1986). Aside from providing a formal test, the previous research used a relatively crude measure of cash flow. The succeeding studies used more sophisticated expectation models to isolate accurately the unexpected components of earnings, accruals, and cash flows, given that returns in an efficient market only reflect the unanticipated components (Livnat et al., 1990).ListenRead phonetically 3. The strengths of the paper Although the weakness of this paper is obvious, the design of variables and the results of the test have made outstanding contributions to research of accounting income. 3.1 Ingenious design of variables After identifying the research themes, Ball and Brown selected the most representative accounting income numbers to measure the information content. Considering that shareholders are more concerned about EPS and net income, Ball and Brown used them as variables. To determine the information content of the accounting income, they used market efficiency hypothesis and the capital asset pricing model as references. According to the efficient market hypothesis, the authors maintained that observable stock price is fluctuant and linked with information. This can mean that accounting income numbers are useful. The key to determining the relationship between accounting income and stock price is to distinguish the security prices of a particular company as well as all the other companies. Therefore, the authors built two models of market expected return to examine how the market reacts to accounting income numbers. Ball and Brown separated factors that affect earning into two different kinds: specific factors and system factors. System factors affect all companies, thus, the surplus of one company and other companies can be linked with each other. If the link is suitable, then stability can be shown using a fixed function, enabling us to achieve the income conditional expectation of one company based on other companies data. Thus, changes in the unexpected surplus of earning can be estimated by calculating by the changes in both actual income and conditional expectation. The authors defined the difference as the gain of current information. At the same time, they assumed that the changes in policy and corporate have been enacted before the first estimation. Thus, the influence of macroeconomic and policy changes can be estimated jointly. The authors initially used the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) to estimate the linear regression coefficient and intercept of samples annual income changes and average income changes. Secondly, the changes in the market income average were used as independent variables and included in the regression model to calculate the expected value of income changes. Finally, the changes in the value of unexpected earnings (prediction residual) referred to the actual value of the earnings change minus the change in earnings expectations. Therefore, market effect was removed from the estimation of expected surplus, which means the authors did not take system factors into account. Similarly, the factors affecting the impact of no stock or stock returns can still be separated into two factors: system factors and specific factors. First, the authors used capital asset pricing model to separate the system factors and from non-system factors, then calculated the deviation of actual rate return and expected stock return. Secondly, Ball and Brown calculated the companys stock return residuals (abnormal returns). Given that markets are efficient, stock prices will adjust quickly and effectively about the new information, so residuals can show the impact on stock prices of new information. To test the validity of statistics, Ball and Brown used an alternative model- naive model. In this model, an alternative variable is the expected surplus for last years actual surplus. The naive model does not eliminate the market effects, but verifies the earnings per share targets. 3.2 Remarkable results This paper distinguished expected changes and unexpected changes in accounting incomes to estimate the abnormal return and changes in unexpected accounting incomes. In addition, it theorized that when the surplus prediction error is negative, it is both advantageous and disadvantageous. This paper presented the hypothesis that if the accounting income numbers could be linked with stock prices, then the announcement of accounting income numbers could result in changes in the stock returns. In the empirical test, the authors defined the month of annual report as 0, API representing the abnormal performance index of month M. In the process of calculating the API, the changes in unexpected earning are first separated into two groups (positive and negative), and then all samples are calculated together. Ball and Brown thought that if accounting income is related to stock returns, it can be assumed that if the changes in unexpected surplus are positive, then API is larger than 1 ; if they are negative, then the API is less than 1. In the combined sample, API is close to 1. Ball and Brown thought that annual income report can provide new information; however, it cannot be transmitted in time, because most of its content comes from various sources (interim report and non-accounting information, annual accounting report is only one of them) .The authors also found that after the announcement of the annual report, API has a tendency to drift on, that is, revenue projections residual error signal and the relationship between stock returns in the annual report may be continued for two months. After analysis, which may be caused by the transaction costs, and excluding the impact of transaction costs, the market reaction to the numbers tends to be unbiased. 4. Evaluation At first glance, one weakness of this empirical research is the limitation of the sample which may decrease the generality and reliability of the results. However, the selection of the sample was similar to the tests used in related literature, which could lead to consistent results if used the same way on other samples. The weaknesses of the paper also include the limitation of the statistical tests. Nonetheless, it had a significant impact on later research. Ball and Brown (1968) provide compelling evidence that there is information content in accounting earnings announcements. In the meantime, they correlate the sign of the abnormal stock return in the month of an earnings announcement with the sign of the earnings change of a certain firms earnings in a previous year earnings. Starting with Ball and Brown (1968), many studies used such association with stock returns to compare alternative accounting performance measures, such as historical cost earnings, current cost earnings, residual earnings, operating cash flows, and so on. Circumstances similar to those that facilitated the Ball and Brown (1968) study also contributed to Watts and Zimmermans positive accounting theory that revolutionized the accounting literature in the late 1970s (Watts and Zimmerman, 1979). As Watts and Zimmerman (1986) po int out, most accounting research since Ball and Brown (1968) has been positive, and the role of accounting theory is no longer normative. Ball and Brown (1968) heralded the positive-economics-based empirical capital markets research in the late 1960s.Concurrent developments in economics and finance constituted the theoretical and methodological impetus to the early capital markets research in accounting. This historical detour exploring the forces that shaped the early capital markets research has positive pedagogical externalities, particularly for guiding new researchers. Seasoned researchers can skip over portions of this section without losing continuity. In addition, this paper analyzes the insufficiency of theoretical studies using empirical testing to find out whether the accounting income numbers are useful. It initially provides reliable evidence that stock markets can influence annual reports. Then researchers began to do a lot in reflect of stock market. Furthermore, the method used is also applicable to a large number of accounting and financial issues, including dividend announcements, earnings announcements, mergers and acquisitions, and investment spending. 5. Conclusion This essay has discussed the weaknesses and strengths of the empirical evaluation of accounting income numbers by Ball and Brown (1968). Although this research has some limitations, the merits far outweigh the disadvantages. It preceded the positive-economics-based empirical capital markets research of the late 1960s. Concurrent developments in economics and finance constituted the theoretical and methodological impetus to the early capital markets research in accounting. Therefore, it is suggested that this research plays a great role in the development of accounting .In this essay, only a few strengths are mentioned; the ways of putting these benefits into practice need further exploration.